Brain abscess

Symptoms of a brain abscess

A brain abscess usually happens when bacteria or fungi enter the brain tissue after an infection or severe head injury.

The symptoms of a brain abscess may develop quickly or slowly but can include:

• headache, which is often severe, located in a single section of the head and can't be relieved with painkillers
• changes in mental state, such as confusion or irritability
• problems with nerve function, such as muscle weakness, slurred speech or paralysis on one side of the body
• a high temperature (fever) of 38°C (100.4°F) or above 
• seizures (fits)
• nausea and vomiting
• stiff neck
• changes in vision, such as blurring, greying of vision or double vision (due to the abscess putting pressure on the optic nerve)

When to seek immediate medical advice

Any symptoms that suggest a problem with the brain and nervous system should be treated as a medical emergency.

These include:

• slurred speech
• muscle weakness or paralysis
• seizures occurring in a person with no previous history of seizures

If you or someone you know experiences any of these symptoms, phone 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.

Any symptoms that suggest a worsening infection, such as fever and vomiting, should be reported to your GP immediately.

If your GP isn't available, contact GP out of hours service.

Causes of a brain abscess

There are three main ways a brain abscess can develop. These are:

• an infection in another part of the skull, such as an ear infection, sinusitis or dental abscess, which can spread directly into the brain
• an infection in another part of the body, for example, the infection that causes pneumonia spreading into the brain through the blood
• trauma, such as a severe head injury that cracks open the skull, allowing bacteria or fungi to enter the brain

In some cases, the source of the infection remains unknown.

Diagnosing a brain abscess

If a brain abscess is suspected, an initial assessment will be made based:

• on your symptoms
• medical history
• whether you've had a recent infection or a weakened immune system

Blood tests can also be carried out to check for an infection.

If you're referred to hospital for further tests, you may have either:

• a computerised tomography (CT) scan – a series of X-rays are used to produce a detailed image of the inside of your body
• a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan – which uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a detailed image of the inside of your body

Treating a brain abscess

A brain abscess is a medical emergency.

Swelling caused by the abscess can disrupt the blood and oxygen supply to the brain.

There's also a risk of the abscess bursting (rupturing).

If left untreated, a brain abscess can cause permanent brain damage and could be fatal.

A brain abscess is usually treated using a combination of:

• medication – either antibiotics or antifungals
• surgery – either draining the pus through a hole in the skull (simple aspiration) or opening the skull and removing the abscess entirely (craniotomy)

Treatment with antibiotics often begins before a diagnosis is confirmed, to reduce the risk of complications.

Complications of a brain abscess

Complications of a brain abscess can include:

• a reoccurring abscess – seek immediate medical advice if you think there's even a small chance your abscess has reoccurred - this is more common in people with a weakened immune system or cyanotic heart disease
• brain damage – mild to moderate brain damage often improves with time, but severe brain damage is likely to be permanent - brain damage is more of a risk if diagnosis and treatment are delayed
• epilepsy – where a person has repeated seizures (fits)
• meningitis – a life-threatening infection of the protective membranes around the brain, which requires urgent treatment - this is more common in children

More useful links

• Brain abscess
• How to use your health services