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    1. Home
    2. Health and wellbeing
    3. Illnesses and conditions
    4. A to Z

    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes several conditions due to a build-up of fat in the liver. It can affect anyone. It’s most common in overweight adults, over 40, with related conditions. There’s no cure, but if diagnosed early, it can be managed with lifestyle changes.

    About non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

    A healthy liver should contain little or no fat.

    Early-stage NAFLD doesn't usually cause any harm, but it can lead to serious liver damage, including cirrhosis, if it gets worse.

    Having high levels of fat in your liver is also associated with an increased risk of problems such as:

    • diabetes
    • heart attacks
    • strokes

    There’s no cure, but if detected and managed at an early stage, it's possible to stop NAFLD getting worse and reduce the amount of fat in your liver.

    Stages of NAFLD

    NAFLD develops in four main stages.

    Most people will only ever develop the first stage, usually without realising it.

    In a small number of cases, it can progress and eventually lead to liver damage if undetected and managed.

    The main stages are:

    • simple fatty liver (steatosis) – a largely harmless build-up of fat in the liver cells that may only be diagnosed during tests carried out for another reason
    • non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) – a more serious form of NAFLD, where the liver has become inflamed
    • fibrosis – where persistent inflammation causes scar tissue around the liver and nearby blood vessels, but the liver is still able to function normally
    • cirrhosis – the most severe stage, occurring after years of inflammation, where the liver shrinks and becomes scarred and lumpy; this damage is permanent and can lead to liver failure and liver cancer

    It can take years for fibrosis or cirrhosis to develop.

    It's important to make lifestyle changes to prevent the disease getting worse.

    People at an increased risk of NAFLD

    You're at an increased risk of NAFLD if you:

    • are obese or overweight – particularly if you have a lot of fat around your waist
    • have type 2 diabetes
    • have high blood pressure
    • have high cholesterol
    • are over the age of 50
    • smoke

    NAFLD has been diagnosed in people without any of these risk factors, including young children.

    Although it's very similar to alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), NAFLD isn't caused by drinking too much alcohol.

    Symptoms of NAFLD

    There aren't usually any symptoms of NAFLD in the early stages. You probably won't know you have it unless it's diagnosed during tests carried out for another reason.

    Occasionally, people with NASH or fibrosis may experience:

    • a dull or aching pain in the top right of the tummy (over the lower right side of the ribs)
    • fatigue (extreme tiredness)
    • unexplained weight loss
    • weakness

    If cirrhosis (the most advanced stage) develops, you can get more severe symptoms such as:

    • yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice)
    • itchy skin
    • swelling in the legs, ankles, feet or tummy

    Diagnosis of NAFLD

    NAFLD is often diagnosed after a blood test called a liver function test produces an abnormal result and other liver conditions, such as hepatitis, are ruled out.

    The condition may also be spotted during an ultrasound scan of your tummy.

    If you're diagnosed with NAFLD, further tests may be needed to find out which stage you have.

    This may involve a special blood test or having another type of ultrasound scan.

    Some people may also need a small sample of liver tissue (biopsy) taken to have it analysed.

    Treatment for NAFLD

    Most people with NAFLD won't develop any serious problems.

    If you're diagnosed with the condition it's a good idea to take steps to stop it getting any worse.

    Medication

    There isn't any medication to treat NAFLD, but various medicines  or treatment may be recommended to manage associated conditions or complications. Your GP will be able to discuss medication options with you.

    Lifestyle choices

    Making healthy lifestyle choices can help.

    You may be advised to have regular appointments with your doctor to:

    • check your liver function
    • look for signs of new problems

    Adopting a healthy lifestyle is the main way of managing NAFLD.

    The following can all help:

    • lose weight
    • eat a healthy diet
    • exercise regularly
    • stop smoking

    NAFLD isn't caused by alcohol, but drinking may make the condition worse. It's advisable to cut down or stop drinking alcohol.

    Liver transplant

    If your liver stops working properly, you may need a liver transplant.

    For adults, the average waiting time for a liver transplant is around four to five months for transplants from recently deceased donors.

    It may be possible to have a transplant using a section of liver removed from a living donor.

    More useful links

    • How to use your health services

    The information on this page has been adapted from original content from the NHS website.

    For further information see terms and conditions.

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