Nasal and sinus cancer

About nasal and sinus cancer

Nasal and sinus cancer is a rare type of cancer that most often affects men aged 50 to 60.

Nasal and sinus cancer is different to cancer in the area where the nose and throat connect. This is called nasopharyngeal cancer.

Symptoms of nasal and sinus cancer

The most common symptoms of nasal and sinus cancer are:

• a persistent blocked nose, which usually only affects one side
• nosebleeds
• mucus draining from the nose, which may be blood-stained
• a decreased sense of smell

These symptoms can be similar to more common and less serious conditions, such as a cold or sinusitis.

At a later stage, symptoms can include:

• pain or numbness in the face
• swollen glands in the neck
• partial loss of vision or double vision
• a bulging or persistently watering eye
• a lump or growth on your face, nose or roof of your mouth

When to see your GP

See your GP if you notice any unusual or persistent symptoms. They're very unlikely to be caused by nasal or sinus cancer, but are worth getting checked out.

If your GP thinks you might need some tests to find out what's causing your symptoms, you'll usually be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) consultant in hospital.

Tests you may have include:

• a nasal endoscopy – where a long, thin, flexible tube attached to a light source is inserted into your nose to examine the area
• a CT scan and an MRI scan
• a biopsy (where a small sample of tissue is removed and examined) – this may be done during an endoscopy or using a needle

Causes of nasal and sinus cancer

Several factors are known to increase the risk of developing nasal and sinus cancer, including:

• your gender – men are more likely to develop nasal and sinus cancer than women
• long periods of exposure to certain substances through your work, including wood dust, leather dust, nickel, chromium and formaldehyde
• smoking – the more you smoke, the higher your risk of developing several types of cancer, including nasal and sinus cancer
• human papilloma virus (HPV) – a group of viruses that affect the skin and moist membranes, such as the mouth and throat

Treatment for nasal and sinus cancer

If you are diagnosed with nasal and sinus cancer, your hospital consultant will discuss treatment options with you.

The best treatment will depend on several factors, including how far the cancer has spread and your general health.

Treatment may include:

• surgery to remove a tumour – which can be performed using surgical incisions (open surgery) or as keyhole surgery through the nose (endoscopic microsurgery)
• radiotherapy – where high-energy radiation is used to kill the cancerous cells, shrink a tumour before surgery, or destroy small amounts of a tumour that may be left after surgery
• chemotherapy – where medicine is used to help shrink or slow down the growth of a tumour, or to reduce the risk of the cancer returning after surgery

A combination of treatments will often be recommended.

Outlook for nasal and sinus cancer

There are many different types of cancer that can affect the nasal cavity and sinuses. The outlook varies, depending on the specific type you have.

There are no UK statistics for nasal cavity or sinus cancer survival. Cancer Research UK provides the following statistics from a large European study that looked at survival in rare cancers.

For people diagnosed with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer in the UK and the Republic of Ireland:

• more than 70 out of 100 people will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after diagnosis
• about  50 out of 100 people will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they are diagnosed

Cancer of the nasal cavity generally has a better outlook than cancer of the sinuses.

• Find out more about nasal and sinus cancer on the NHS website

More useful links

• Northern Ireland Cancer Network
• Action Cancer
• Marie Curie
• Cancer Focus Northern Ireland
• Macmillan Cancer Support
• Cancer Research UK