Urinary catheterisation

When urinary catheters are used

A urinary catheter is usually used when people have difficulty urinating naturally. 

Specific reasons a urinary catheter may be used include:

• to allow urine to drain if you have an obstruction in the tube that carries urine out of the bladder (urethra) – for example, because of scarring or prostate enlargement
• to allow you to urinate if you have bladder weakness or nerve damage that affects your ability to pee
• to drain your bladder during childbirth if you have an epidural anaesthetic
• to drain your bladder before, during or after some types of surgery
• to deliver medication directly into the bladder, such as during chemotherapy for bladder cancer
• as a last resort treatment for urinary incontinence when other types of treatment have been unsuccessful 

Depending on the reason why a catheter was inserted, and the type of catheter used, the length of time a catheter is left in place varies. Sometimes a catheter may need to be used for the long term treatment of a condition that cannot be reversed or cured.

Types of urinary catheter

There are two main types of urinary catheter:

• intermittent catheters – these are temporarily inserted into the bladder and removed once the bladder is empty
• indwelling catheters – these stay in place for many days or weeks, and are held in position by an inflated balloon in the bladder

Many people prefer to use an indwelling catheter because it's more convenient and avoids the need for repeated insertions. However, indwelling catheters are more likely to cause problems such as infections.

Inserting either type of catheter can be uncomfortable. Anaesthetic gel is used to reduce any pain. You may also experience some discomfort while the catheter is in place. Most people with a long-term catheter get used to this over time.

Looking after your catheter

If you need a long-term urinary catheter, you'll be given detailed advice about looking after it before you leave hospital.

This will include advice about getting new catheter supplies, reducing the risk of complications such as infections, spotting signs of potential problems, and when you should seek further medical advice.

You should be able to live a normal life with a urinary catheter. The catheter and bag can be concealed under clothes, and you should be able to carry out most everyday activities, including:

• working
• exercising
• swimming
• having sex and intimate relationships

Risks and potential problems

The main problems caused by urinary catheters are infections in the urethra, bladder or, less commonly, the kidneys. These types of infection are known as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and usually need to be treated with antibiotics.

You can get a UTI from either short- or long-term catheter use. However, the longer a catheter is used, the greater the risk of infection. This is why it's important that catheters are:

• inserted correctly
• maintained properly
• only used for as long as necessary

Catheters can also sometimes lead to other problems, such as:

• bladder spasms (similar to stomach cramps)
• leakages
• blockages
• damage to the urethra

• Urinary catheterisation

More useful links

• How to use your health services